the open sea or any other tributaries by dikes. A series of windmills would then be built on the banks and on dams: these would be used to drive pumps or bucket wheels to transport the water into outlet [...] basins east of the city, and finally dumped into the Thames. At the same time he dammed up the muddy banks of the Thames to create new land for supply pipelines. In Paris the urban planner Georges Haussmann

efficient capital market already existed: at the end of the 17th century, the stock exchange and the Bank of England had been founded in London. In addition, extensive, easily accessible deposits of the key [...] such as sugar, coffee and tobacco, which the ships brought back from America. Besides merchants and bankers, insurance companies and shipbuilding firms, operators of sugar refineries and tobacco factories

the Habsburg Empire. When Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century, the western, “right-bank” Ukraine also fell into the hands of the czars. During this period, the land-owning Polish nobility

the West. Due to its crushing foreign debt, its national budget was under the control of European banks. The West dictated import tariffs, so that domestic businesses were unable to compete with European [...] Turkish economy – with varied success – into the 21st century. This was the impetus behind e.g. Sümerbank, which began expanding textile production in 1935 with an initial factory in Kayseri However, it [...] and when the cost of oil imports increased drastically in the 1973 Oil Crisis, Turkey was facing bankruptcy. Turgut Özal, later Premier and President, is considered the architect of the turnaround after

sugar exploded in Europe. Amsterdam became the hub of the worldwide colonial trade and merchants, bankers and shipbuilders, operators of sugar refineries and tobacco factories profited from it. In Rotterdam [...] Netherlands came under French rule, in 1830 Belgium seceded and finally the country was on the brink of bankruptcy. During this crisis, the colony in what is now Indonesia contributed significantly to the economic [...] Meuse, trains could access the southern provinces and more port facilities were built on the south bank of the river. Finally, from 1906, the Waal harbour was excavated, the largest artificial harbour in

disinterested aristocrats; the population sank into poverty; and the monarchs led their nation from one bankruptcy to the next. Still, the crown subsidised operations such as the arms manufactories in Toledo and

increased, more and more merchants settled there and established an exchange, insurance companies and banks. Therefore, Slovenia’s first surge of industrialisation starting in the mid-19th century was financed

trade and shipbuilding in the major ports that made money from the import of colonial goods, but also banks and insurance companies, as well as inland industries that processed imported goods: Sugar refineries

Otto Wagner, began to design public buildings in an objective and functional manner. The Savings Bank Office in Vienna, built by Wagner between 1904 and 1912, has become a milestone in the history of

trains were also steaming to the Turkish and Bulgarian borders. The opening of the Serbian National Bank in 1884 generated further momentum, but the lack of capital remained dramatic and business know-how

clothing and electronic components are produced for export. However, the economy is dominated by banking and tourism. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of San Marino World Atlas: What are the biggest industries

over by cooperatives. The government in Lisbon gradually nationalised the key industries and the banks. But the socialist experiment did not last long. Drops in agricultural production gave the old elite

industrialisation. As the ideas of Renaissance thinking spread, the use of paper increased, because in banks and on markets, in schools and courts of law writing became more important now. The picture drastically

for business enterprises. A modest boom began at the end of the 19th century: backed by European banks, the Ottoman “Régie Company” invested in the tobacco industry in the region around Prilep, and the

for trade between Poland and the Black Sea, and the Republic of Genoa built fortified bases on its banks. In this era, underground limestone mining began in the hills around Cricova near the capital Chişinău

commercial ships on the passage to India. This period also saw the founding of the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, construction of a rail line between Valletta and the old capital of Mdina in the interior and a

capital became a leading financial and administrative centre there were textile factories on the banks of the River Alzette. As so often these were the forerunners of industrialisation. In 1828 the Godchaux

with the Habsburg monarchy in 1852 finally opened up access to a larger market. In 1861, the first bank was founded and then and infrastructure was expanded for the first time: Bridges were built over the

for mass production – for ship construction in the 14th century. But it was the modernisation of banking, which took place as a consequence of the thriving city-states of the Renaissance, that had the greatest

island. Belfast developed into a centre for trade, attracting first the textile merchants and then the banks – an early example of the divide between the predominantly English/Protestant northeast and the rest