unaware of this. The close-knit network of European industrial regions, which continue to inspire and strengthen each other, is something that most industrial monuments and attractions today do little to show [...] industrialisation to their visitors. Like ERIH's Theme Routes, the brochure outlines the history of different industrial sectors, creating an exciting European narrative. It is not, of course, intended to be [...] Brochure "European Industrial Heritage: The International Story" Listen From the very beginning, industrialisation has crossed borders - it has never been a purely national phenomenon. From the mid-18th

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN Listen Geographically, only a small part of the country lies in Europe. The larger part lies in Asia: according to the current view, the continental border runs [...] as a supplier of raw materials and a sales market for Russia’s first industrial plants. The modest beginnings of the large industrial districts were in the middle of the 19th century: the mining of coal [...] since 1929, the population grew and new food processing and light industry enterprises were established. During the Second World War, industry grew because Moscow moved factories from contested western territories

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA Listen Although the European part of the Russian Empire was rich in raw materials its industrialisation started late, due mainly to the lack of labour and capital caused [...] power of the state. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Industrialization in the Soviet Union WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Russia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Russia Perm. Motovolikha Copper Mill Russia [...] (USSR)', which was dissoluted in 1991. Therefore, for completeness, also read our articles on the industrial history of the other former soviet republics Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF SAN MARINO Listen Since the 12th century, this small state has been able to maintain its independence throughout. Even after the founding of the Italian nation state in 1861 [...] once important self-governing city states of the Italian Renaissance. The city-state has no industrial history. For centuries, the most important commercial activity was the quarrying of sandstone on Monte [...] of war damage, however, operations were discontinued as early as 1944. Today, the manufacturing industry is concentrated in the Serravale district, where, in addition to traditional ceramics, clothing

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF VATICAN CITY Listen The smallest state in the world, the Vatican City developed from a palace of the Pope on Monte Vaticano in Rome and was recognised as independent in 1929 [...] of Italy. It has no industry and must be supplied from outside with virtually all necessities, including electricity, gas and water. The closest the Vatican City has to an industry is its Printing Office

role of industry in creating the image of the region. Case study of Upper Silesia throughout history The industrial revolution and the process of industrialization or e.g. 'European Industrial Heritage: [...] Overview of post-industrial sites enlisted on UNESCO World Heritage List Models and examples of reusing former industrial sites and the group their stakeholders Industrial heritage tourism – history of development [...] ACADEMY OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE ERIH'S PROJECT TO ATTRACT YOUNG PEOPLE TO INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE AS CARIER OPTION Listen All sites in Europe face the problem of finding well-trained staff, as industrial heritage

ON THE HISTORY OF WORKERS' HOUSING Listen Industrialisation opened up unimagined possibilities for architects and engineers with the continuously improved materials of iron and concrete. At the same time [...] because more and more workers and job seekers were looking for a roof over their heads in expanding industrial regions. In the beginning, there was still room for utopias. As one of the first entrepreneurs [...] colour-accentuated façades, as in the garden city "Watergraafsmeer" near Amsterdam. Unlike in industrial construction, the new materials and production techniques of the era did not find their way into

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF GEORGIA Listen The peaks of the Caucasus to the north; the Black Sea to the west and the Caspian Sea nearby to the east: for thousands of years, Georgia has been at the crossroads [...] Batumi, which commenced operation in 1907. Today, a museum in Batumi documents the history of the petroleum industry. At the same time, both the Czar of Russia and the German steel group Krupp invested [...] extensive programme of industrialization. The use of water power began in 1927 with the hydroelectric plant in Avchala, near Tbilisi; the plant on the Rioni River near the expanding industrial city of Kutaisi

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN Listen The industrial history of Azerbaijan is largely a story of petroleum. Although the earth beneath this nation also holds iron, copper and other ores, their [...] WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Azerbaijan WIKIPEDIA: Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan History of development of oil industry World Atlas: The biggest industries in Azerbaijan Neft Daşları. Oil platform Azerbaijan [...] (USSR)', which was dissoluted in 1991. Therefore, for completeness, also read our articles on the industrial history of the other former soviet republics Armenia Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF IRELAND Listen Ireland is today widely known as the “Emerald Isle”, but this successful branding hides a bitter history: until well into the 20th century, unprofitable agriculture [...] sparked by Napoleon’s Continental Blockade, before being plunged into the worst disaster in its history: the Great Famine of 1845-49, caused by the potato blight. Around one million people died, and another [...] College, was established in 1854. The south and west continued to stagnate with modest food-products industries; successful major companies such as Jacob’s Biscuits and the famous Guinness Brewery in Dublin

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ARMENIA Listen Civilisation in Armenia is thousands of years old, but the high mountains and deep valleys of the Lesser Caucasus are a major obstacle to economic development [...] (USSR)', which was dissoluted in 1991. Therefore, for completeness, also read our articles on the industrial history of the other former soviet republics Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania [...] Moscow intensified the mining of copper and molybdenum in Alaverdi, and established a diversified industrial landscape in Yerevan, Gyumri and Vanadzor: chemical combines sprang up, factories for mechanical

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MOLDOVA Listen The fertile black soil is the country's only significant resource; the few mineral resources worth mentioning are limestone and gypsum, which can be used for [...] (USSR)', which was dissoluted in 1991. Therefore, for completeness, also read our articles on the industrial history of the other former soviet republics Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan [...] Soviet republics, the emphasis was on the mechanisation of agriculture and the expansion of the food industry. Sugar factories, dairies and canning plants were built, and thanks to new, large-scale wine presses

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF KOSOVO Listen The country has plains of fertile farmland and rich deposits of ores and lignite, but it has never managed to get sustainable development off the ground. The [...] disintegrated since 1991. Therefore, for completeness, please also read our articles on the industrial history of the other states that were formerly part of Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia [...] the 1960s. In accordance with socialist economic doctrine, investments flowed mainly into heavy industry: the government intensified the mining of the large lignite deposits, and the electricity generated

Kingdom Vatican City History of Industries Application of Power Brewing of Beer Chemistry Communication Cutlery Housing Industrial Architecture Industry and War Iron and Steel Industrial Landscapes Mining [...] want to go there! How it started The Industrial Revolution in Europe Industrial History of European Countries Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia [...] g Salt Service and Leisure Industry Textiles Transport Water The dark sides of the Industrial Revolution Slavery and colonialism Stories about People: Biographies Industrial Stories to Listen to "LINKING

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF LIECHTENSTEIN Listen For centuries, this tiny Alpine country, founded in 1719, was considered the poor relation of Europe: situated in the Rhine valley, with Austria to the [...] by low wages and taxes. Companies werne established mainly in the metal, machinery and apparatus industries, , and many of these businesses are still in operation today. The Scana cannery, which opened in [...] leading company for vacuum and surface technology. In the 1950s, the country’s recently founded industries experienced dramatic growth, with the numbers of employees sometimes increasing fivefold. Some

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ANDORRA Listen The Principality of Andorra boasts a unique economic history. On account of its inaccessible location high in the Pyrenees, far from any trade routes, and with [...] first, albeit short-lived, museum in Ordino in 1903. Tobacco farming emerged as a further important industry at the end of the 17th century, not least on account of the profits to be made by smuggling cigarettes [...] tobacco factory founded by the Reig family, which operated from 1903 to 1957, testifies to this history. It is characteristic of the structure of Andorra’s economy that Julià Reig i Ribó, a son of the

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Listen Although Bosnia-Herzegovina is a land of fertile fields and significant natural resources, its industrial development did not commence until very [...] Federal Republic of Yugoslavia too launched its transformation into an industrial state with a massive expansion of heavy industry. Bosnia in particular profited from President Tito’s break with the Soviet [...] the eastern part of the country in 1959, which gave rise to a significant aluminium industry. Yugoslavia’s industrial production grew by leaps and bounds, but although the government consistently strove

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF MONTENEGRO Listen A tiny country dominated by craggy mountains and deep gorges, with next to no arable land, cut off from the sea for centuries: Montenegro had extremely poor [...] In Nikšić, soon celebrated as the “city of industry, steel and beer”, a greenfield steel works was erected which grew to become Montenegro’s largest industrial plant. Lead and zinc ore deposits were exploited [...] record in 2001. The country’s industrial production, amounting to around 5% in 1947, grew to over one third of overall economic output by the 1970s and the number of industrial workers exceeded agricultural

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF NORTH MACEDONIA Listen North Macedonia attained independence very late compared to other European nations – and thus industrialisation was late and slow in coming as well. [...] disintegrated since 1991. Therefore, for completeness, please also read our articles on the industrial history of the other states that were formerly part of Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Kosovo [...] the 19th century: backed by European banks, the Ottoman “Régie Company” invested in the tobacco industry in the region around Prilep, and the first major railway line went into operation in 1873, linking

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ALBANIA Listen Albania’s economic history is characterised by a fundamental contradiction: the country has valuable natural resources, fertile soil and enormous hydroelectric [...] extremely low. Following World War I, Italian companies began extracting petroleum; beyond that, industry consisted of a handful of factories for producing foods and processing cotton, tobacco and wood [...] assumed the Soviet Union’s economic model. Landholdings and businesses were nationalised, heavy industry was massively expanded. The first train went into service between Durrës and Pequin in 1947, and