over by cooperatives. The government in Lisbon gradually nationalised the key industries and the banks. But the socialist experiment did not last long. Drops in agricultural production gave the old elite

the umbrella of the "Arcelor-Mittal" group. In 1822, the "Société Générale", the first joint-stock bank, was founded and soon afterwards the Banque de Belgique. Both provided targeted investment capital [...] push began after independence in 1830. Brussels was modernised, and industrial firms settled on the banks of the Senne. Another new canal contributed to this, on which coal ships could travel from Charleroi [...] Montagne" had begun producing zinc in 1837. In the coal mines, which were largely in the hands of French bankers, production rose steadily, but at the same time the area - especially the "Borinage" in the far west

production developed in the Vorarlberg region, and in Vienna – where the Rothschilds founded the merchant bank "Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe" in 1855 – the manufacturing of rail cars and locomotives

the West. Due to its crushing foreign debt, its national budget was under the control of European banks. The West dictated import tariffs, so that domestic businesses were unable to compete with European [...] Turkish economy – with varied success – into the 21st century. This was the impetus behind e.g. Sümerbank, which began expanding textile production in 1935 with an initial factory in Kayseri However, it [...] and when the cost of oil imports increased drastically in the 1973 Oil Crisis, Turkey was facing bankruptcy. Turgut Özal, later Premier and President, is considered the architect of the turnaround after

strong agricultural sector made more and more capital available. In addition to cooperatives, new banks were founded, primarily in Prague. A securities exchange was established in 1871, a commodities exchange

for mass production – for ship construction in the 14th century. But it was the modernisation of banking, which took place as a consequence of the thriving city-states of the Renaissance, that had the greatest

efficient capital market already existed: at the end of the 17th century, the stock exchange and the Bank of England had been founded in London. In addition, extensive, easily accessible deposits of the key [...] such as sugar, coffee and tobacco, which the ships brought back from America. Besides merchants and bankers, insurance companies and shipbuilding firms, operators of sugar refineries and tobacco factories

sugar exploded in Europe. Amsterdam became the hub of the worldwide colonial trade and merchants, bankers and shipbuilders, operators of sugar refineries and tobacco factories profited from it. In Rotterdam [...] Netherlands came under French rule, in 1830 Belgium seceded and finally the country was on the brink of bankruptcy. During this crisis, the colony in what is now Indonesia contributed significantly to the economic [...] Meuse, trains could access the southern provinces and more port facilities were built on the south bank of the river. Finally, from 1906, the Waal harbour was excavated, the largest artificial harbour in

capital became a leading financial and administrative centre there were textile factories on the banks of the River Alzette. As so often these were the forerunners of industrialisation. In 1828 the Godchaux

one hand, changes in commercial law contributed to this, which increasingly made it possible for banks and citizens to finance investments by buying shares. On the other hand, far-sighted reforms of the

stores. The brothers Émile and Isaac Pereire, bitter rivals of the Rothschild bankers, founded the first investment bank, "Crédit Mobilier". At the end of the century, another push followed. Heavy industry