designer of distinctive clothes in Jersey fabrics with beading in the Slavic style, of jewellery, handbags and above all of Chanel No 5 in its distinctive bottle.

Ignaz Schustala (Czech: Ignác Šustala) began a small business making horse-drawn buggies and carriages in the mid-19th century at Kopřivnice (now in the eastern Czech Republic). His workshops expanded

was born into a farming family in Ayrshire, south-west Scotland. As a boy he was apprenticed to a hand-loom weaver at Kilbarchan, west of Glasgow. This introduced him to methods of bleaching and the limits [...] mainly by one of his partners, Charles Macintosh (1766-1843). The powder was far safer to make and handle than the previous chlorine, which was processed with sulphuric acid. With four partners, in 1799

one of the most important textile manufacturing cities in Europe. Łodz was a traditional area for hand-made textiles. From the 1820s mechanised mills for the woollen and flax industries were built, notably

rotated by water-power in horizontal machines, in which the cutters were advanced through gearing by hand wheels. In the early 1750s Verbruggen was appointed Master Founder at the state-owned foundry at The

(Brothers Nobel Oil Company). With expert engineers from Sweden, Ludwig and Robert made plans for the handling of oil from well to refinery, store and export. Their technologically advanced approach adopted

spinning mill at Železný Brod and a worsted spinning mill at Raspenava that supplied woollen yarn to hand looms in the area. His company was one of the biggest textile businesses in Europe. Liebieg also

name Caspar Honegger Maschinenfabrik Rüti. His father, Salomon Honegger, worked as a spinner and handloom weaver but by 1816 opened his own a spinning mill at Rüti. Caspar showed technical ability and was

printed designs. He bought fabric from weavers in Augsburg and had it printed in Hamburg and then hand-coloured in Augsburg. In 1759 he opened his own printing works but continued to put out the work of painting [...] and from a growing textile sector in Augsburg that benefitted from his skilled workforce. Schüle handed management to his sons in 1792 and then returned ten years later but the business closed in 1808

profitable early invention, in 1843, was to make bronze powder by machine more cheaply than the hand-made product from Germany. He bought a fine house and offices in London and created a large laboratory

Derwent. Their business became highly successful, producing far more silk threat than the English hand spinners. It employed around 300 people. John Lombe died only a year later. He may have been poisoned

at Elberfeld, now a district of Wuppertal. Elberfeld was an important area for making textiles by hand, with production controlled by a yarn guild. In 1774, Brügelmann married Anna Christina Ochsen (neé

it was likely to grow even faster when Arkwright’s patent expired. As cotton weaving was with hand-operated looms they believed there would not be enough weavers for the yarn produced. Cartwright applied [...] problems with his machines. Their action often failed, and they were not much more productive than hand looms – they were not fast and operators could only manage a single loom. He set up a cotton factory [...] ribbons), many refinements were needed before mechanical looms were effective for all textiles. Handlooms continued in use for a long time. By 1812, a quarter of a century after Cartwright built his factory

et vous aurez bonne table et bon gîte’. (‘Your journey will be enchanting. You will be led by the hand. Your yearning for the picturesque will be satisfied and you will have good cuisine and good lodging

cards recorded a particular pattern and they could be changed to make a different one. This made hand-weaving much faster and more accurate. In 1805 Napoleon declared Jacquard’s invention the property of

Institutes, and gained inspiration for her characteristic designs from an exhibition of traditional handicrafts organised by the Federation at the Victoria & Albert Museum. From 1953 she began to print her own

the method of sowing seeds at suitable depth and in equally spaced rows instead of throwing them by hand over the soil. His seed-drill machine had several parallel plough blades with boxes and spouts to

Corbeil-Essonnes, he became interested in the potential for modernisation. He was frustrated by the hand-method of making paper, one sheet at a time, with numerous workers. In 1797 he devised a machine to make [...] with a stream of pulp and then passed through rollers to squeeze out the water. The paper was laid by hand across a series of bars to dry. Robert patented his machine in 1799 with Didot’s support. The French

the brothers had a workshop at Pafendal, on the east side of the city. Apparently, this had only hand-looms for weaving woollen cloth, but in 1835 they established a woollen factory nearby at Schläifmille [...] with a steam engine. The factory employed several hundred people at this time. An engraving shows a handsome group of buildings in a wooded setting next to the river. In 1867, Luxembourg was guaranteed neutrality

near Hattingen and acquired iron ore and coal mines. She continued working into her seventies and handed ownership of the company to her son Karl in 1912, three years before she died. The company later