sixfold between 1711 and 1831. In London, it increased by about 130% between 1800 and 1850, and in Paris - where industrialisation began later - it doubled. Nowhere was prepared for the onslaught, and slums

however, is the iron tower built by the engineer Gustave Eiffel in 1889 for the World's Fair in Paris. Engineers gained increasing influence in the building industry alongside architects, who as well

history that spans several centuries. Nogent once delivered luxury goods to wealthy customers in Paris, the museum in St.-Jean-de-Maurienne in the French Jura, set up in a former plant of the Opinel family

precursor of the huge department stores was "Les Halles", the huge and legendary market halls in Paris which were built in the middle of the 19th century. The town planner, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who [...] were sold in so-called passages. These were lines of shops in a glass-covered gallery, at first in Paris and London and later in Brussels, Berlin and other major cities. Around the turn of the 20th century [...] in France, from around the middle of the 19th century, were the large permanent circus halls. In Paris the "Cirque d’Hiver" was built right on the Champs Elysées, and the "Cirque Napoléon" was constructed

same time he dammed up the muddy banks of the Thames to create new land for supply pipelines. In Paris the urban planner Georges Haussmann, who had started to radically redesign the inner city in a re

transported from the region around Mons through a newly built canal to Condé in northern France and on to Paris. In Ghent, the spindles were whirring on the first cotton spinning machine: the entrepreneur Lievens

until the 1850s that the entire country was opened up with a network of lines radiating out from Paris, plus cross connections between Bordeaux and Lyon, for example, or Calais and Basel. Now industrialisation [...] mechanised and factory-based production began. The service sector also flourished: Bon Marché"opened in Paris the first of its chain of world-famous department stores. The brothers Émile and Isaac Pereire, bitter [...] industrial car production had also started in France. Panhard and Lévassor started building cars in Paris in 1886. Three years later, Renault opened its doors in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt, Peugeot followed