cholera, typhoid and tuberculosis claimed victims and life expectancy fell: in the port city of Liverpool by 1840 it was 17 years - 10 years below the English national average. Not only Friedrich Engels

than any other nation. In addition to London, the port cities of Bristol and Liverpool now also became rich. For Liverpool, there is evidence of investment from the proceeds of the slave trade in the nearby [...] Stephenson in Newcastle, who then built the first long-distance line between Manchester and the port of Liverpool: the main artery of the textile industry, through which steadily growing quantities of Indian cotton [...] The first scheduled steamship connection with North America was established by Samuel Cunard in Liverpool in 1840, and the first all-iron passenger ship was launched in Bristol shortly afterwards: the "Great

increasingly concentrated in factories where the fibres were not only spun but also woven. The port of Liverpool with its important stock exchange, and the expanding industrial city of Manchester made the county

first European skyscraper was erected by the Royal Liver Insurance Company in 1909 in the port of Liverpool. The next step was taken in the 1920s by the engineer Eugène Freyssinet: he had the steel cables