the sale of domestic waterfalls to foreign investors. The cheap energy attracted energy-intensive industries, especially for electrometallurgy and electrochemistry, and virtually overnight the chimneys started [...] industry. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Norway World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Norway? Mandal. Sjølingstad Woollen Mill
creation of new and traditional products and even goods and services of the so-called creative industries, following the concept of 'regeneration through heritage'. Last but not least, the thousands of [...] Projekt Ruhr GmbH, Essen D: World Heritage Site Voelklingen Iron Works, Völklingen NL: Stichting Industriecultuur Nederland, Alkmaar NL: Provincie Noord-Holland Afdeling Zorg, Welzijn en Cultuur, Bureau, Monumenten
first trains connected Lisbon and Porto in 1864, with a link to Spain following in 1866. As the new industries settled primarily in the capital and in the Porto region, no new jobs were created in rural areas [...] their roles taken over by cooperatives. The government in Lisbon gradually nationalised the key industries and the banks. But the socialist experiment did not last long. Drops in agricultural production [...] isolation. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Portugal World Atlas: The biggest industries in Portugal Lisboa. Xabregas Tobacco Factory (Museo de Lisboa; J. Pedrozo)
developed into pharmaceutical manufacturers. The founding of Sandoz, the Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie in Basel, or CIBA, and Hoffmann-La Roche in the last two decades of the 19th century marked the [...] Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Switzerland World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Switzerland? St. Gallen. Bodensee Toggenburg Railway | Kubel Power Plant
machinery and railway carriages, Hungarian factories were not competitive due to high costs. New industries such as chemicals, electrical goods and telecommunications were not growing fast enough. The discovery [...] World War: Hungary’s economy boomed, particularly in the arms, chemicals and electrical equipment industries, but only thanks to financing from National Socialist Germany. This was essentially a prelude to [...] Relicts of Hungarian Iron Metallurgy WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Hungary World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Hungary? Győr. Distillery
foreign companies using low corporate tax rates as an incentive, but more technically sophisticated industries are still few and far between. The added value of export products such as clothing, shoes and steel [...] the poverty line. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Bulgaria World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Bulgaria? Burgas. Harbour
on for the Greek merchant marine also played a role, and remains one of the nation’s strongest industries today. The shipyards of the Aegean Island of Syros, for instance, were among the pioneers in building [...] available, the nation experienced a further industrial impetus: more technically sophisticated industries such as machine tools, chemical and textile production outstripped food and tobacco processing [...] up. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Greece World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Greece? Piraeus. Basileiades Shipyard
Empire. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Austria World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Austria? Vienna. Floridsdorf Locomotive Factory
aegis after Czechoslovakia was reconstituted in 1945. In the course of establishing powerful heavy industries in the new socialist nations, the leadership of the USSR assigned Slovakia the role of arms maker [...] the population. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Slovakia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Slovakia Žilina. Cloth Factory
After reconstruction, the now-independent Republic of Estonia witnessed the founding of further industries on the basis of local raw materials, such as cement plants, wood processing and food production [...] most Estonian-made products flowed back to the Soviet Union. Resources were mainly allocated to industries that had developed during the period of independence: in addition to the mining and chemical processing [...] textiles. In the 1950s, the government also promoted machinery and metal processing, but classic heavy industries such as coal mining, steel-making and automotive manufacturing were omitted, as the country lacked
density increased significantly from the mid-19th century. With the emergence of metal and food industries, wool and linen working, the city developed into a major industrial centre. This was further driven [...] Vienna and then with St Petersburg and Moscow. The most important factor, however, was that the industries were not forced to compete with Western Europe: as part of an economically extremely backward empire [...] new crisis. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Poland World Atlas: The biggest industries in Poland? Chorzow. Königshütte Ironworks
Soviet Union, the government formulated five-year plans and founded state-owned companies in key industries, which characterised the Turkish economy – with varied success – into the 21st century. This was [...] of food imports. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Turkey World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Turkey History of Istanbul: Economy Istanbul. Bomonti Brewery
mid-19th century that lasted, with interruptions, for around a hundred years. England’s expanding industries in particular purchased enormous quantities of raw materials: wood from the north, iron from central [...] Revolution, in which new sectors outgrew heavy industry, including energy, chemical and machine-tool industries and wood-based paper manufacturing. Fed by the country’s enormous hydroelectric potential, a f [...] nation in the first half of the 20th century. During the First World War, Sweden’s unhindered industries supplied all parties, particularly with steel, and was able to demand grossly inflated prices.
and a brewing industry. They also invested in the textile, mining and iron industries, which were among the earliest industries to develop. Mechanisation commenced in 1797, when Johann Josef Leitenberger [...] remained largely agrarian for a long time. As the population was growing faster than the expanding industries and rural poverty drove many people to the urban centres, factory owners could get away with paying [...] Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Czech Republic World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in the Czech Republic? Ostrava. Vitkovice Steelworks
resources and in particular lacks coal and iron ore, the basic ingredients of the classic heavy industries. Only potash, used in making fertilisers and in glass manufacture ... more BELGIUM The industrial
near Paderno. Machine tool companies and cement works emerged, and the electrical and chemical industries also benefitted from this new energy source. Electricity was also produced geothermally starting [...] One. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Italy World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Italy? Milan. Fratelli Branca Distillery
Industrial Revolution in France HpT: Révolution industrielle en France et dans le Monde (XIXe) WIKIPEDIA: Economy of France World Atlas: The biggest industries in France Noisiel. Menier Chocolate Factory [...] up, and in 1878 construction of a huge blast furnace group began in Uckange. At the same time, industries of the "Second Industrial Revolution" such as electrical engineering, chemistry and aluminium
Around the turn of the century, the boom reached its peak. The Netherlands profited from the typical industries of the "second industrialisation" and a number of world-famous companies emerged: as a light bulb [...] Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Netherlands World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in the Netherlands? Haarlemmermeer. Cruquius Steam Pumping Station
French rule at the time, coal mining also expanded. At the same time, the first nuclei of the new industries were formed in the farmland along the Ruhr: in 1758, the St Antony ironworks was founded in Oberhausen [...] mid-19th century, the construction of railways fuelled the rapid expansion of the coal and steel industries. Wherever coal was plentiful, the chimneys of the ironworks soon appeared. The Hoesch and Thyssen [...] Saar in Neunkirchen and Burbach, the ironworks also expanded. Industrialisation spread to other industries: In the Kingdom of Saxony, textile processing expanded alongside mechanical engineering, and in
