to the Lutheran church. He leased a woollen mill at Jokioinen, 120 km north-west of Helsinki. He modernised the factory and diversified its products, marketing them through regional representatives so that

for the government in 1797 and supplied equipment for the Royal Mint. Boulton’s businesses became a model of industrial efficiency, quality control and systematic production. In the 1770s, he introduced a

was one of the largest industrial enterprises in Romania. Under his leadership, TNC expanded and modernized with a focus on efficiency and vertical integration. He acquired rights to sell Vickers-Armstrong

William Lindley was an engineer and urban planner who spread main sewer design on modern principles across Europe. He was born and died in London but spent the middle years of his life in Hamburg, where

position in Switzerland of National Council President four times. The claim that he was a founder of modern Switzerland is due to his roles in pioneering railways, financial institutions and the Swiss Institute

saws, presses, vices and steam hammers among other tools. Six years later he built a factory on modern principles with a long workshop hall served by a travelling crane. He continued to expand the works

to the mine and to nearby Österby Bruk. Having returned to Sweden Triewald gave public lectures modelled on those of Desaguliers. He was elected in 1729 to the Kungliga Vetenskaps-Societeen I Uppsala (Royal

George Stephenson is often called the father of the modern railway. As a civil engineer of railway routes and a mechanical engineer of rails and locomotives during the industrial revolution, he transformed [...] Ages. However, Stephenson’s Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830 is considered the first modern main-line railway because it brought together several defining characteristics. It had specialised

time in Switzerland. Students took a three-year course. The school continued until 1864 and set a model for the creation of a public silk-weaving school at Zurich.

Riepl showed exceptional insight into the potential for railways. In 1829 he proposed the first modern railway of the Habsburg monarchy in the visionary form of a complete network of 2,200 km from the

intakes across the river at Gros-Caillou and upstream at Gare de l'Hôpital and the Arsenal. An original model of the double-acting engine of 1785 is in the Museum of Arts and Trades in Paris. By 1786, the company

housing and social infrastructure at Ivrea were designed by leading planners and architects as a model social project. During the 1930s, Olivetti began expanding its range to office furniture, teleprinters

After graduating in 1872 he moved to Belgrade where, with his father’s support, he built a very large modern brewery. He took partnerships in other breweries in Serbia and became one of the richest people in

outstanding business leaders of the late-twentieth century in Spain, a technocrat ‘trouble-shooter’ and moderniser who managed enterprises in all sectors of Spanish industry. As president of the national institute

which produced 68% of Spanish paper. Urgoiti as director rationalised the business and opened a model factory at Errenteria in 1912. Nevertheless, the company was losing market share. He developed agreements

Turin, and had a large private collection of motor cars, including 11 variations on the small Panda model, as well as Ferraris with custom-built bodywork. Agnelli oversaw the building of Fiat factories in

Sants, which reached full capacity by 1853 and extended over a large area. It was built with the most modern equipment, brought with expert workers from Britain and France, and processed everything from raw

customs union, and in 1845 they expanded production by building the Eich ironworks, which was the most modern iron smelter in Luxembourg. They took advantage of the region’s abundant oolitic ironstones (‘minette’) [...] customs union, and in 1845 they expanded production by building the Eich ironworks, which was the most modern iron smelter in Luxembourg. They took advantage of the region’s abundant oolitic ironstones (‘minette’)

innovations. They developed the use of pipelines and rail cars to carry oil. They designed the first modern oil tanker ship, the Zoroaster , built at Gothenburg in 1878. They also created the Petrolea estate

abandoned glassworks in Bihar (now Romania) in 1852 and took expert glassworkers there from Bohemia to modernise it, he acquired a mirror factory, an iron forge at Gutenstein in Austria, slate quarries at Radčice