largest trade bank in the Empire) and the Kharkov Land Bank. Altschewskyj saw opportunities for economic development in the relatively under-developed Donbas coalfield. In 1879 he founded the Altschewskyj [...] influential educator, he supported Ukrainian-language education and literacy. During the Russian economic crisis of 1899-1901, Altschewskyj’s requests for loans from the Ministry of Finance were rejected

By combing a political career with business, Alfred Escher had a formative influence on the economic development of his homeland, Switzerland. He was born in 1819 into the Escher vom Glas dynasty. He studied

systematic construction and administration of roads. He devised a method of road-making that was economic and efficient and resulted in a network of roads suitable for fast horse carriages. His name became

d by the Franco regime in 1941 to reconstruct Spanish industry after the Civil War and increase economic self-sufficiency. He restructured the organisation and strengthened its component groups. INI became

in many countries, particularly through the First International, formed in 1864. His analysis of economic history, that industrial capitalism had created a proletariat, whose members could only live by

James Watt was a genius of many talents who was at the heart of the technological and economic changes in 18th century Britain that have been described as the Industrial Revolution. He was born in Greenock

Henri Louis Le Chatelier was a French scientist, engineer and administrator who promoted economic development and solved technical problems in diverse fields, including mining, railways, iron and steel

tortured landscape that surrounded the great ironworks of the Guest family, and at a time of acute economic depression. Her father was a civil servant, and the family were Strict Baptists. In 1932 the family

people. It produced 80% of the world’s cobalt pigment. The business was highly profitable but the economic crisis following the revolutions of 1848 and the invention of synthetic ultramarine led to bankruptcy

Stumm’s father, Carl Friedrich Stumm, was sole proprietor from 1835 until he killed himself in the economic crisis of the 1840s. As Carl Ferdinand was only 12, his mother’s brother, Carl Böcking, managed

living at a large farm estate at Lleida, where he promoted improvements and wrote and campaigned on economic policies. He argued against the independence of Cuba and in favour of trade protectionism to enable

Company, at Batignolles in Paris. It began by making locomotives for the Chemin de Fer du Nord. In the economic depression of the 1840s it diversified into the manufacture of iron bridges and then into shipbuilding

broader international context Bridgewater showed the potential for artificial waterways to stimulate economic growth, and the canals built in Germany, France, Belgium and elsewhere in subsequent decades were

to the public in 1996. During the Second World War he worked chiefly on exhibitions on social and economic themes intended principally for the armed forces. He became a British citizen in 1945. His subsequent

nationalised Dutch railways in 1947 and served in that position until 1959. He made good use of the economic assistance to European countries provided by the American Marshall Aid system, exemplified by the

Maurice Daumas (1910-84). He began to advocate in use of field evidence in the study of industrial and economic history, an approach that was then novel. In 1971 he was appointed director of studies at the École [...] Napeolonic Empire, but his later studies focussed more broadly on banks, business and the social and economic elites of the nineteenth century. He had a particular interest in Paris. In 1978 he was one of the