water-powered cotton-spinning mill, in which he had a 20% share, which attracted attention from all over Europe. The Cromford Mill site, which probably began to work in 1774, was powered by the Bonsall Brook [...] The mill was extended, and in 1780 Arkwright bought land for another mill complex powered by the Derwent itself. Masson Mill, as it came to be called, was built in brick, in contrast with the plain local [...] producing increasing amounts of cotton cloth. Arkwright took a close interest in the improvement of spinning machinery. In 1768 he moved to Nottingham, where he formed a partnership to develop the spinning

of Latin. In early adulthood he worked in textile warehouses, on a farm, and as a seaman on a collier sailing from the Tyne to London, but in his 20s became increasingly involved in politics in a time of [...] of domestic textile workers during the Industrial Revolution. Bamford was born in Middleton 8 km north of Manchester, the son of a muslin weaver, a dissenter in religion, who was also a part-time teacher [...] memoir, Passages in the Life of a Radical, in 1840-1, and the memoirs of his childhood, Early Days, in 1849, but found it difficult to make a living, and was supported by a public subscription in 1846. He wrote

an entrepreneur and industrial spy who spread new cotton manufacturing technologies from England to Belgium and France at a key point in the early Industrial Revolution. He was born in Ghent, where his father [...] required the repayment of its loans and Bauwens was made bankrupt. He died in Paris in 1822. A statue of him was put up in Ghent in 1885 in the square named after him. [...] loans for his factories and set up more elsewhere in France and the Low Countries. He became mayor of Ghent in 1800. However, when Napoleon fell from power in 1814 at a time of difficult trading conditions

differences’. At first they worked in in Germany, particularly in the Siegerland, but in 1966 they made a lengthy tour of the industrial areas of England and South Wales in a VW camper van towing an aged caravan [...] the ways in which we all view the monuments of past industries, showing that ruins can have dramatic and aesthetic qualities. Bernd Becher was born in the Siegerland, Hilla in Potsdam. They met in 1957 at [...] exhibition in Munich the following year and subsequently worked in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Luxembourg and the United States amongst other countries. Their work has been displayed in exhibitions in many

high schools before returning to the École, by which time he was fluent in German, English and Italian. He interest in Industrial Archaeology developed in the 1970s under the influence of the historian Maurice [...] of industrial heritage with international bodies such as ICOMOS and UNESCO. He was born in Strasbourg and studied at the École normale supérieure, graduating in 1951. He spent ten years teaching in high [...] Maurice Daumas (1910-84). He began to advocate in use of field evidence in the study of industrial and economic history, an approach that was then novel. In 1971 he was appointed director of studies at the

figure in the ‘New Unionism’, playing a prominent role in the organisation of unskilled female workers. She sought public office and was top of the poll in elections for the London School Board in 1889, [...] Easter Rising of the previous year in Dublin, and for a time was a leading figure in the Congress movement advocating the end of British rule in the sub-continent. In the 1920s she was concerned principally [...] varied and eventful life, and for a few years played a crucial role in industrial history. She was the daughter of an insurance underwriter in the City of London, and was educated until she was 16 by a governess

influential engineering business in the world in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and revolutionised the application of power in industry. Boulton was born at Birmingham in the English midlands, where [...] vases. Boulton met James Watt in 1768 and took a share in his patent for the separate condenser, then lobbied the government successfully to extend it by more than a decade. In 1775, he and Watt created their [...] of industrial efficiency, quality control and systematic production. In the 1770s, he introduced a pioneering health insurance scheme for workers, funded by compulsory contributions from wages. In the

leading British canal engineer in the early part of the Industrial Revolution. He was responsible for a network of waterways that became the arteries of Britain’s industrial regions and linked its principal [...] machinery and watercourses. In 1752, he created an ingenious solution to flooding problems at a coal mine in Lancashire, using a tunnel with an inverted syphon and a waterwheel pump. In 1759, he was appointed [...] arteries to transport the fuel, raw materials and products of industrial Britain. This was the 66-km Bridgewater Canal, completed in 1761, which carried coal to Manchester. He designed a stone aqueduct 180-m

father and brother in a workshop established in Liege in 1807, where they manufactured textile machines. In 1815-6 he and his brother set up a successful woollen manufacturing business in Berlin, but returned [...] 1844. He died in Warsaw while returning to Seraing after discussing the prospects for equipping projected railways in Russia. In 1850 the Seraing complex was probably the largest of its kind in Europe, and [...] Petersburg in 1794, but after the death of Empress Catherine II was imprisoned. After escaping to Sweden, he settled in Verviers as a maker of textile machines. His 12-year-old son John joined him in 1802.

In 1784, Henry Cort invented one of the most important iron-making processes of the Industrial Revolution. This was a new method of transforming cast iron into the more versatile and valuable material [...] Portsmouth. Cort invested in the business and took over its management in 1776. He used a mill at the nearby village of Funtley to begin experiments with refining iron. His first patent, in 1783, was for a grooved [...] process, around 1786, was by Richard Crawshay at Cyfarthfa Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil, south Wales, which became the largest ironworks in the world. Puddling and rolling became known as ‘the Welsh method’

brother to the dukedom, after his death in the same year as that of their father. His interests as a young man were in gaming and horse-racing, but during his Grand Tour in 1753-55 he diverted from the usual [...] completed in 1761, was built from Worsley, where it connected with navigable levels through underground coal workings, to Castlefields in Manchester. It was extended to the River Mersey at Runcorn in 1772, [...] when the Manchester Ship Canal was built in 1893. The aqueduct and the coal workings, which were served by a 73 km underground canal system of waterways on which there was an inclined plane of 1795-6, were

consequences of the Industrial Revolution in England, devoted much of his life to supporting and publicising the writings of Karl Marx, and was himself an original thinker whose ideas in the 20th century [...] r, and spent three years in the employment of a merchant in Bremen, before moving to a managerial post with the family concern in Manchester, one of many Germans who worked in the textile cities of northern [...] of the Working Classes in England", which was published in 1845. It reflects the anger and the guilt of a member of a mercantile family at the living conditions that observed in the most deprived areas

university in Copenhagen. After fighting and recovering from injuries in the war with Germany in 1851 he decided to study iron casting, first in Denmark at Frederiksværk and then at Charleroi in Belgium and [...] Iron foundries and engineering works were essential to equip new industries in the industrial revolution. In Denmark, Søren Frich was an engineer who created an important iron foundry and engineering works [...] and finally Newcastle upon Tyne in Britain. When he returned to Denmark in 1853 he saw an opportunity to improve iron casting in the country and he decided to set up his own foundry. With money from his

In the early nineteenth century Karl Godulla (or Karolus Godula) was a pioneer of the industrial revolution in Silesia - then in Prussia but today part of Poland. He developed mining for coal and zinc [...] zinc in the region and built the largest industrial empire of the period in the German states. Godulla’s family were farmers in Upper Silesia and he attended grammar schools at Rudy (now in Poland) and Opava [...] Opava (now in Czechia). In 1801 he was given a job on the estates of Count von Ballestrem. He was promoted several times until, in 1809, he became treasurer of the estates. In 1812 he was responsible for

interest in folk lore. In 1872 he established a museum for Swedish ethnography, which has evolved into the present-day Nordiska Museet. After seeing the collection of buildings assembled from 1881 in Oslo [...] called Skansen at Stockholm, which has given its name to collections of buildings that have been scientifically removed from their original sites in many European countries. Hazelius was the son of a military [...] employment as a teacher. In 1869-71 he was involved with the production of a dictionary of the Swedish language that involved him in extensive travels through his native country during which he developed a lively

pioneers of the industrial revolution in southern Spain. He was an industrialist and entrepreneur who played a central role in the early industrial development of the region of Málaga. Born in 1786 at Rabanera [...] the wealthiest businessmen in Spain. In the last years before his death in 1846, his other industrial interests included the San Andrés lead smelter at Adra, Almería, which he developed into a successful [...] Gibraltar and made great profits by exporting graphite. In 1813 he married Isabel Livermore Sallas, the daughter of a British merchant in Málaga. In 1826, Heredia founded a company with partners to establish

of a foundry in Newport, Monmouthshire. In the mid-1850s he moved to London, then an important centre for shipbuilding. He became involved with the Millwall Ironworks, and was influential in developing iron [...] blast furnaces, from which the first pig iron was produced in 1872, as well as associated collieries, brickworks, forges and rolling mills. By 1914 it was the largest ironworks in the Russian Empire. After [...] largest heavy industrial complexes. He was born at Merthyr Tydfil where his father was an engineer at the Cyfarthfa ironworks. Initially he worked for his father, then at other ironworks in South Wales.

Peter Jebsen was born at Broager in the Duchy of Schleswig in present-day Denmark, but after gaining experience in several countries became one of Norway’s leading industrial entrepreneurs of the nineteenth [...] globally recognised. He worked for a time in the textile industry in Hamburg, but in 1843 moved to Bergen in Norway where he set up a company, Arne Fabrikker which operated Norway’s first mechanical weaving [...] Fabrikker, now known as Dale of Norway, which manufactured Lusekofte sweaters and outdoor jackets. Jebsen also had interests in mining, in a glass works in Bergen, and in the development of electric power networks

the early Industrial Revolution. His invention of the flying shuttle for weaving stimulated successive inventions in the mechanisation of textile production. Kay was born near the town of Bury in north-west [...] taken up in the woollen industry and from the 1750s for weaving cotton. It was used across England by the 1790s and a century later in the vast textile industries of Japan, India and China. In 1747 Kay [...] canes, which broke frequently. He travelled around England selling the new wires to weavers. After this first success as an inventor, Kay looked for other ways to improve textile manufacture. In 1730 he

machine in 1894, and completing a vacuum milking machine in 1913. The separator was used for various other industrial purposes beginning in 1882 with its application for processing fish oil in Norway in 1882 [...] the University of Uppsala, where he graduated in engineering in 1866, and received a doctorate in chemistry in 1887. After graduating he worked for a time in menial clerical occupations, and was for a time [...] having settled in Sweden in the seventeenth century. He was born near Orsa in the mining province of Dalarna, and studied at the Technical Institute (later the Royal Technical Institute) in Stockholm, and