of Shrewsbury. Armstrong`s first experimental hydraulic machine is displayed in the Museum of Science and Industry at Newcastle.

tour of open air museums in Scandinavia and he took inspiration that lasted for the rest of his life from Skansen and other museums that he saw. In 1958 he became curator of the Bowes Museum at Barnard Castle [...] Atkinson was the founder-director of Beamish, the museum’s inspiring genius, and an influential advocate over many years for the conservation of the industrial heritage of North-East England. He was born at [...] determined to follow a career in museums. He studied science at the University of Sheffield, after which he was employed for a time in a coke works before obtaining a job at the museum at Wakefield. In 1952 he

The Scotsman John Baildon was one of the pioneers of industrial development in Upper Silesia, now in Poland but in Baildon’s lifetime part of Prussia. He was born at Larbert in Stirlingshire and studied [...] metallic ores. In 1798 he was appointed government technical adviser for the development of the iron industry in Upper Silesia and, again with Reden, built the Königshütte (Royal Ironworks) at Chorzów. He spent [...] an Italian merchant at Gleiwitz (Gliwice) in 1804 and their children continued to be involved in industry in Silesia after their father’s death. The family mansion was at Pogrzebien, and his Gothic-style

ter’ and moderniser who managed enterprises in all sectors of Spanish industry. As president of the national institute of industry in the 1970s he led more than 200,000 employees. His family ran a hardware [...] store in Barcelona. After graduating from the school of industrial engineers in the city in 1946 his first job was as an engineer in the textile industry at Tarrasa in Catalunya. He then moved to the Spanish [...] a state-owned financing company established by the Franco regime in 1941 to reconstruct Spanish industry after the Civil War and increase economic self-sufficiency. He restructured the organisation and

Ratingen, in North-Rhine Westphalia in 1783-4 he gave it the name Cromford. The building is now an industrial museum. Brügelmann grew up in a family of merchants at Elberfeld, now a district of Wuppertal. Elberfeld [...] the innovations by Arkwright he decided to try to copy them. His friend Carl Albrecht Delius made industrial espionage visits to Britain in 1781 and 1782 to draw plans, get copies of machines and recruit [...] baroque mansion for his family in 1787-90 next to the factory, which can also be visited as part of the museum. The community of workers’ dwellings that he built also survives. In 1789, he expanded with a works

Demidow dynasty of industrialists. From 1820 Yefim was chief mechanical engineer for the various industrial complexes in the area. Mirom, his son, was his apprentice and eventually his successor. In 1810 [...] d by a monument in Nizhny Tagil, and models of their locomotive are displayed in the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow.

Victor Francisco Chávarri Salazar was an industrialist and businessman who contributed to the industrial development of Vizcaya (the Basque region). He came from a family of iron-ore merchants at Portugalete [...] was Natalia Salazar Mac Mahón. Victor studied civil engineering at Liége in Belgium and researched industry in Germany. His brother Benigno also studied engineering in Liége and they would later work closely [...] made Marquis of Chávarri in 1914. A monument to him was put up in Portugalete in 1903 and the RIALIA museum shows material connected with his enterprises and those of his son, also called Victor Chávarri

(1854-1900), Victor José Luis Paulino de Chávarri y Anduiza became a major figure in the Basque steel industry while at the same time diversifying his business interests. He grew up in Portugalete, on the navigable [...] where his father and grandparents had made the family fortunes in iron-ore dealing and the steel industry. His father established the joint-stock company Sociedad Anónima de Metalurgia y Construcciones [...] merged with two other companies to create Altos Hornos de Vizcaya, which dominated the Spanish steel industry and was for a time the largest company of any kind in Spain. Victor junior led the new company as

The Darby dynasty were important figures in the British iron industry for nearly two centuries, and were responsible for innovations that profoundly changed the nature of ironmaking throughout the world [...] Belgium, Sweden and elsewhere. Abraham Darby IV was principally important for his role in the iron industry of South Wales rather than in Shropshire. He bought the furnaces at Ebbw Vale in 1844 and subsequently [...] furnaces and 237 puddling furnaces in 1872, and was comparable in size to the whole Shropshire iron industry. The Darby family maintained their connection with the Coalbrookdale Company in subsequent generations

company Duro Felguera SA. Many buildings survive and some are included in the Asturian Museum of the Steel Industry. [...] Asturias in the north of Spain had a small-scale iron industry in the eighteenth century. However, it had no large blast furnaces to make cast iron or works to manufacture wrought-iron until the investments [...] 1855, he realised there would be demand for iron and it could be the foundation for Spanish industrialization. At the age of 45 he determined to become an industrialist. In Madrid, he sought investment

bourgeois house of 1775, is preserved as part of the city`s history centre, which also includes a museum of industrial archaeology. He was the son of a cotton manufacturer, and spent three years in the employment [...] Friedrich Engels wrote one of the classic critiques of the consequences of the Industrial Revolution in England, devoted much of his life to supporting and publicising the writings of Karl Marx, and was

in 1800 in the monastery at St Gallen, he became fascinated. He studied examples of machinery at Chemnitz in Saxony and designed spinning machines of his own. In 1805 he began a cotton-spinning company [...] textile machinery. It became the leading supplier of equipment for the early growth of the cotton industry in the region. During the next 25 years the company diversified into other branches of mechanical [...] classical buildings in Zurich and elsewhere. His son Albert was expected to take forward the family’s industrial interests but he died in 1845. Escher, Wyss & Cie continued until 1969, when it became part of

of cotton spinning from Britain to the state of Saxony, which eventually became one of the most industrially diversified regions of Germany. Evans was famous as an industrialist in his adopted country but [...] interests. Bernhard and his brother owned a cotton spinning mill at Harthau, now part of the city of Chemnitz. They invited Evans to bring his expertise to Saxony. He redesigned and mechanised their spinning

was one of the founding trustees of the Industrieviertel-Museum (Industrial District Museum) in the city and served as its director. The museum’s displays include one that tells the story of slave labour [...] reputation as a historian and to found a museum of working class life in the town of his birth. Karl Flanner was born in Flugfeld, a working class quarter of the industrial city of Wiener Neustadt, the son of [...] Communist governments before, during and after the Second World War are commemorated in several museums, notably that in Berlin. Karl Flanner suffered more than five years as a slave labourer and as a

Franju was a French film director who made two documentaries that are of importance to students of industrial history. He had an individualistic style that fits into no particular school of film-making. Born [...] the Saar. It was intended as a celebration of Guy Monnet’s plan for the modernisation of French industry as part of the European Coal and Steel Community, but Franju showed the steelworks as an ugly intrusion [...] following year Franju made Hotel des Invalides, an ironic critique of France’s principal military museum. He directed his first feature, La Tete contre les Murs (The Keepers) in 1958, followed by the horror

experience as a journeyman. At the age 23 he arrived at Chemnitz in Saxony, where he worked for Carl Gottlieb Haubold (1783-1856), founder of the Chemnitzer Maschinenbau company who is regarded as the father [...] Richard Hartmann was one of the leading figures in the engineering industry that flourished in Saxony from the mid-nineteenth century. He was not a native of Saxony having been born at Barr in Alsace, [...] father of mechanical engineering in the city. He was recognised as a citizen of Chemnitz from 1837 which enabled to set up his own business, a workshop repairing cotton spinning machines, with a partner and

John Haswell was one of several nineteenth-century Scotsmen who established large scale industries in continental Europe. He was born in Glasgow, studied at the university in that city, and subsequently [...] mechanical engineering and the structural use of iron and steel. An example is displayed in the Technical Museum in Vienna. He remained in Vienna after resigning his post in 1882 and was buried in the city’s Döbling

Artur Hazelius founded the open air museum called Skansen at Stockholm, which has given its name to collections of buildings that have been scientifically removed from their original sites in many European [...] native country during which he developed a lively interest in folk lore. In 1872 he established a museum for Swedish ethnography, which has evolved into the present-day Nordiska Museet. After seeing the [...] by King Oskar II , he began to acquire buildings as well as artefacts, and in 1891 established a museum on Djurgarden, an island in Stockholm harbour that came to be called Skansen (i.e. fortifications)

Archibald Hood was one of the mining engineers who transformed the coal industry in Europe in the course of the 19th century. He was born at Kilmarnock, Scotland, the son of a colliery overman. His family [...] Lothian Coal Co, which in the same year began to sink the Lady Victoria pit, now the Scottish Mining Museum. The colliery came to employ 1200 men and had a 91 year working life. The company controlled 5700 [...] village of Newtongrange alongside the Lady Victoria pit. Hood was also a prominent figure in the coal industry of South Wales. In 1862 he established the Glamorgan Coal Co, and from 1867 was resident in Cardiff

European Museums Forum. He wrote more than 50 books many of them on topics related to industrial heritage or museums but some on entirely different subjects. Amongst the most influential were Industrial Archaeology: [...] European Museum of the Year award in 1987. His name is retained in the Kenneth Hudson award for the most unusual and daring achievement that challenges common perceptions of the role of museums in society [...] works, both written with Ann Nicholls, T he Cambridge Guide to the Museums of Britain and Ireland (1987) and The Cambridge Guide to the Museums of Europe (1991). He often showed impatience with the writings