the brothers had a workshop at Pafendal, on the east side of the city. Apparently, this had only hand-looms for weaving woollen cloth, but in 1835 they established a woollen factory nearby at Schläifmille [...] with a steam engine. The factory employed several hundred people at this time. An engraving shows a handsome group of buildings in a wooded setting next to the river. In 1867, Luxembourg was guaranteed neutrality

and it still exists there, exporting its products globally. Files and rasps of different kinds are hand tools used since prehistoric times to work metals, wood and stone and essential in a wide variety [...] jewellery, locksmithing and watchmaking. Until the nineteenth century, files were manufactured by hand. Steel blanks were forged, ground on a wheel and annealed before the lines in the surface were cut [...] location for the industry as the exploitation of the huge pine forest of Pinhal de Leiria required hand tools and provided fuel for forges. Products could be taken from Vieira to the two great trading ports

The mechanisation of the laborious process of making paper by hand was developed by several inventors around 1800. In France, Nicholas-Louis Robert developed a method for pouring paper pulp onto a continuous

circular notes, the forerunners of travellers’ cheques. His first Continental Timetable & Tourists’ Handbook , listing all the main railway and passenger shipping routes in Europe, and some beyond, appeared

rubber company before the end of 1934. André Citroën died the following year but the firm, in new hands, continued to prosper. The Traction Avant was assembled abroad in factories at Vorst (Belgium), Cologne

designer of distinctive clothes in Jersey fabrics with beading in the Slavic style, of jewellery, handbags and above all of Chanel No 5 in its distinctive bottle.

it was likely to grow even faster when Arkwright’s patent expired. As cotton weaving was with hand-operated looms they believed there would not be enough weavers for the yarn produced. Cartwright applied [...] problems with his machines. Their action often failed, and they were not much more productive than hand looms – they were not fast and operators could only manage a single loom. He set up a cotton factory [...] ribbons), many refinements were needed before mechanical looms were effective for all textiles. Handlooms continued in use for a long time. By 1812, a quarter of a century after Cartwright built his factory

at Elberfeld, now a district of Wuppertal. Elberfeld was an important area for making textiles by hand, with production controlled by a yarn guild. In 1774, Brügelmann married Anna Christina Ochsen (neé

Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Rhineland, the Ottoman Empire and India. Bradshaw’s Descriptive Railway Hand-Book of Great Britain and Ireland , was published in four parts in 1863, and in recent years has been

profitable early invention, in 1843, was to make bronze powder by machine more cheaply than the hand-made product from Germany. He bought a fine house and offices in London and created a large laboratory

it was publicly unveiled in 1909. Bakelite was used in radio housings, distributor caps, telephone hand pieces, electric plugs, jewellery, cameras, ash trays, fountain pens and many other characteristic

which in 1828 had produced Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln ein Handbuch für Schnelreisende (Journeys on the Rhine from Mainz to Cologne: a handbook for travellers on the move) by Professor Johannes August Klein [...] interest which appeared in 1846 in his first ‘red guide’, the Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat (Handbook for travellers through Germany and the Austrian Empire).

Institutes, and gained inspiration for her characteristic designs from an exhibition of traditional handicrafts organised by the Federation at the Victoria & Albert Museum. From 1953 she began to print her own