ly early, the Chinese empire started to build up a large bureaucracy. This was probably why in the 2nd century BC the process of papermaking was invented - a process which basically remained in use up [...] providing a basis for scholarship and the arts of poetry and calligraphy, which flourished in the muslim world. Since the Arabs manufactured paper in their european possessions, too, Europe learnt papermaking
the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head was mechanisation. The factory age began around the end of the 18th century in [...] leader. Milk conservation can also be traced back to military requirements. During the American Civil War in the 1860s Gail Borden developed condensed milk. A Swiss firm launched it onto the European market
by WorldWar II, but the dramatic regional imbalance remained. After WorldWar II, the government of the Soviet Union once again prioritised reconstruction of the devastated factories. The pre-war production [...] invested massively in the reconstruction and expansion of the industrial plants destroyed during WorldWar I. Among other projects, a steel plant and a tractor factory were comstructed in Charvik, a steel [...] locomotive factory in Luhansk. In 1932, the world’s largest hydroelectric plant was completed on the Dniepr. By 1937, the Ukraine was numbered among the world’s leading producers of pig iron and coal. The
n took off rapidly, and the population of Riga quintupled between 1871 and 1913. On the eve of WorldWar I the “Baltic provinces” of Livonia, Courland and Estonia were more industrialised than any other [...] manufacturing cars and trucks under licence from Ford. The German and Russian occupations during WorldWar II delivered another bitter setback. Starting in 1945, the Soviets launched a large-scale reconstruction [...] sector – and here as well, Latvia and Estonia achieved the highest productivity in the Empire. The war left behind great devastation, and beyond that, the withdrawing Russians dismantled a large portion
via Brest (formerly Brest-Litovsk). Thus Minsk, too, received its own railway station in 1873. By WorldWar I, the rail network in Belarus was the most dense in the Czar’s empire, although a dire shortage [...] from the electric tram network in Wizebsk to sawmills in Minsk, mostly came from western nations. WorldWar I was followed by a first phase of independence, but already by 1920 the “Belarus Socialist Soviet [...] textiles. The harvester factory founded in Homel (Russian Gomel) in 1930 remains in business today. WorldWar II was a catastrophe that claimed over two million lives and destroyed over 80% of all factories
to the export of wood products. A broad industrialisation did not begin until after the second worldwar, ironically sparked by the reparations that Finland was forced to pay the Soviet Union. As the Russian [...] different factors: its extensive forests, which deliver wood, a raw material in demand around the world, and its historically close relationship with Russia. The greatest obstacle on the path to indust [...] the wake of the Russian Revolution. The young republic weathered the economic turbulence between the wars, and even the great crisis of 1929, much better than many western nations; however, this success was
independent state in 1878, the government worked to encourage the growth of industry. Up until WorldWar I, typical “entry-level” industries such as food production, textile manufacturing and wood- and [...] to Austria-Hungary. New canals facilitated shipping on the Danube. The peace treaties following WorldWar I granted Romania large territories, some of which were already industrially developed. Mines in [...] dependent on Nazi Germany. The country made the decisive transition to an industrial nation following WorldWar II. In line with Soviet directives, all private enterprises were nationalised by 1948. This was
labour was first used on a significant scale during the First WorldWar, when the German Reich employed nearly three million prisoners of war and civilians from abroad in industry and agriculture to replace [...] forced labourers. During the Second WorldWar, the Nazi German government used forced labour on an entirely different scale: more than 13 million civilians, prisoners of war from West and East, and concentration [...] millions of real and perceived political opponents followed. After the Second WorldWar, tens of thousands of foreign prisoners of war, Soviet soldiers released from German prisons and accused of treason, and
Related Links: WIKIPEDIA: Extermination camp The Holocast explained: Extermination camps Unesco World Heritage List: Auschwitz Birkenau. German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945) Auschwitz [...] on Camp. Model of a gas chamber and crematorium (Bratislavská supa aus Bratislava, Slowakei, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons)
which the German Empire would probably have been forced to surrender at the beginning of the First WorldWar for lack of ammunition. Related Links History of Chemicals Industry Sites of the Theme Route [...] companies founded in the 1860s, along with Hoechst and Bayer, which overtook the English companies as the world's leading tar-dye-based corporations. When it became apparent that paints also contained therapeutic [...] toxic ammonia was largely reused. The company named after the inventor still produces much of the world's soda ash using the same principle. In the 1880s, rapid advances in electrical engineering made
automated farms, which began in the USA, had a massive impact on European agriculture after the Second WorldWar. As farmers became more dependent on highly specialised chemical products such as seeds, fertilisers [...] the vast expanses of land and labour shortages, and where there was also a huge market. In the Old World, however, human labour continued to dominate agriculture for a long time. Although the first reaper [...] still the most important method of fertiliser production today and plays a vital role in feeding the world's rapidly growing population. Towards the end of the 19th century, the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's
Industry and War Iron and Steel Landscapes Mining Paper Production and Manufacturing Salt Service and Leisure Industry Textiles Transport Water Xtra: Company Museums and Factory Tours Xtra: UNESCO World Heritage [...] “Clean and tidy and ready to be fired up once more”. That may be so. But blast… more ERIH PRESENTS over 2,400 sites from all European countries AMONG THEM OVER 100 ANCHOR POINTS Industrial History of 51 countries
Revolution in England, concrete connections have now been proven: English traders trafficked some 2.5 million people from Africa to the plantations of the Caribbean and North America in the 18th century [...] slavery no longer fit the times economically either: capitalism demanded a different image of the world of work, based on the ideas of self-responsibility and the market economy. This meant the concept
the country, and in 1915 the Altai Railway followed in the east. But then the First WorldWar, the Russian Civil War and a famine led to a catastrophe from which the country only recovered very slowly [...] grew and new food processing and light industry enterprises were established. During the Second WorldWar, industry grew because Moscow moved factories from contested western territories to Kazakhstan. [...] energy-rich Kazakhstan even has to import electric power. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Kazakhstan World Atlas: The Economy of Kazakhstan ХХ ғасырдағы Қазақстан экономикасының дамуы (Development of Kazakhstan's
Radio Works commenced operation in 1932, and began the mass production of televisions following WorldWar II. New power stations delivered electricity, new canals and railways facilitated transportation [...] in Gorki (today Nishni Novgorod) the automotive plant GAZ churned out cars and trucks. One of the world’s most innovative aircraft manufacturers grew out of the Moscow office of the designer Andrei Niko [...] state. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Industrialization in the Soviet Union WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Russia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Russia Perm. Motovolikha Copper Mill Russia was a union
connected the town to the Italian railway network via a winding and tunnelled route. As a result of war damage, however, operations were discontinued as early as 1944. Today, the manufacturing industry is [...] the economy is dominated by banking and tourism. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of San Marino World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in San Marino San Marino. Rimini-San Marino Railway
emigration rate, riven by social divisions which ultimately exploded in 1936 in a bitterly fought civil war that stifled the country’s economy even further. In the aftermath, the internationally shunned dictator [...] Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Revolución industrial en España WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Spain World Atlas: The biggest industries in Spain Barakaldo. Altos Hornos de Vizcaya Steel Works
also had to sublet their beds for the time they were working. It was not until after the First WorldWar that Europe's governments, together with non-profit cooperatives, systematically tackled the massive [...] ultimately supposed to produce a "New Man". The concept was put into practice after the Second WorldWar when numerous satellite towns were founded for the workers of the gigantic new industrial plants
