Women and children in textile factories had to work shifts of between 14 and 16 hours. Even hen working conditions improved during the course of the 19th century – primarily for children – this tendency was [...] and the workers had to keep to a strict discipline despite the fact that the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head was [...] Economist, Adam Smith, tells of a factory where the manufacture of a pin was divided up into 18 working sections. In 1769, the English pioneer, Josiah Wedgwood, opened up his porcelain factory "Etruria"

workers' association was the British 'Chartists'. They were concerned not only with better working conditions, but also with political participation: In the 'People's Charta' of 1838, they demanded the [...] squeezing in more multi-storey blocks. Several thousand people lived in these estates. Hygiene in the working class districts was disastrous. With no sewers, rubbish, including human faeces, piled up in the [...] action. With so many people looking for work, factory owners could afford to pay poverty wages. Working hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours, 6 days a week. Violations of the strict time and work discipline

effort. According to international law, prisoners of war could be used as labourers under certain conditions, but as they could not decide on the nature and duration of their work in the German Reich, their [...] and Poles eventually forming the vast majority. On farms and in private households, their living conditions could be bearable - but they were at the mercy of the racism of the German population every day [...] production of tights and bed linen. Here, too, the pressure to perform was high, with unregulated working hours and harsh punishments for misbehaviour. Although the companies paid according to collective

demanding higher wages, and demands for a twelve-hour working day were soon followed by demands for a ten-hour day. The first improvements in working conditions occurred after a law was introduced in 1842 to [...] exploded into major cities: here the masses were forced to live under appalling conditions in crowded slums and damp cellars. Working hours were around 14 hours a day and the workers were slaves to the rhythm [...] 19th century. All these developments were paralleled by stronger workers' organisations. The first working-class political party was set up in 1863 in Germany; this was followed by the SPD in 1869. It was

to stories? Perhaps stories telling about industrial history, or about people and their working or living conditions? Here you are right ... more BROCHURE: EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE From its very beginning

workers. For the same reason they were able to postpone any improvements to the catastrophic working conditions for a long time. Thus, for centuries technical developments failed to move on from the Middle [...] badly ventilated galleries which were sometimes so low that they were forced to lie down whilst working. The coal was then loaded into baskets or low wagons, to be drawn by horses over wooden or iron rails [...] introduced in Great Britain for the first time. This not only cut coal but loaded it in a single working process. In areas where the coal was softer a coal plane was used as an alternative. The first e

great deal of European common ground waiting to be discovered. For a start, the living and working conditions of the industrial age were more or less the same, assuming that a miner in the Ruhr or the

especially the "Borinage" in the far west - gained a sad notoriety because of the disastrous working conditions and the miserable wages. The workers fought back in bitter strikes and the region developed [...] HISTORY OF BELGIUM Listen The industrial age of the European continent began in Belgium, where conditions were similarly good to those in England: coal had been mined in the valleys of the Meuse and Sambre

boosted by the vast forests of this Alpine country. Concurrently, industrial working conditions gradually improved, working time was capped at 11 hours and health and accident insurance was introduced [...] core region, where Karl Wittgenstein, "Austria’s Krupp", formed the established mining and iron-working operations into a powerful cartel. Textile production developed in the Vorarlberg region, and in