industrial development did not commence until very late. As in other countries ... more DENMARK Not many nations have succeeded in managing the transition to industrialisation as an agrarian society. Most of the [...] mill in Räpina, glass works at Põltsama ... more FINLAND Finland’s rise as a prosperous industrial nation is due primarily to two very different factors: its extensive forests and its historically close [...] proceeded so hesitantly that one cannot speak of an "industrial revolution". The soils of the "Grande Nation" do not contain ... more ICELAND For a long time, this volcanic island was one of Europe’s poorest
ing. Ship construction for the Greek merchant marine also played a role, and remains one of the nation’s strongest industries today. The shipyards of the Aegean Island of Syros, for instance, were among [...] ports. The Marathon Dam was erected north of Athens. As well-trained workers were now available, the nation experienced a further industrial impetus: more technically sophisticated industries such as machine [...] recovery was slow. The transportation infrastructure was improved further using Marshall Plan aid, and a nation-wide electricity grid and telephone network were built. This period also saw the start of energy
industrial nations such as France and the Netherlands: the colonies were needed as suppliers of raw materials for production and as markets for the products. Great Britain, a leading industrial nation as well [...] Africa to the plantations of the Caribbean and North America in the 18th century - more than any other nation. Proceeds from this flowed into the expanding industrial districts of northern England and Wales [...] production from French Indochina. Behind the imperialist sabre-rattling of the powerful industrial nations, which increasingly rivalled aggressively for colonies, were the needs of the dominant industries
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF FINLAND Listen Finland’s rise as a prosperous industrial nation, which started in the mid-20th century, is due primarily to two very different factors: its extensive forests [...] economic turbulence between the wars, and even the great crisis of 1929, much better than many western nations; however, this success was still due almost entirely to the export of wood products. A broad ind [...] metal-working industry was compelled to modernise extensively, a process which ultimately made the nation competitive in the global market. Additionally, the Soviet Union continued to order Finnish metal
industrial history of Azerbaijan is largely a story of petroleum. Although the earth beneath this nation also holds iron, copper and other ores, their exploitation has remained secondary. Until the arrival [...] oil derricks began sprouting like mushrooms. Foreign investors from Europe’s booming industrial nations rushed into the country, and Baku saw the emergence of the legendary “Black City”, a cluster of oil [...] the Abşeron peninsula started to decline from the turn of the 20th century. The first Azerbaijani nation, founded in 1918, was occupied two years later by the Red Army. The Soviet Union immediately stepped
within the territory of today’s Poland was extremely disparate as repeated partitioning of this nation occurred during the decisive 150 years in which Europe’s first textile works, coal mines and railways [...] was created at the Vienna Congress of 1815 and subject to the Czar of Russia. As in many European nations, population growth generated a large reservoir of labour here. However, even after the changes following [...] the diverse economic structure of the various regions weighed heavily on the reconstituted Polish nation. Additionally, the established trade ties dissolved after 1918. It was thus not possible to compensate
Germany's Ruhrgebiet, for example. Or South Wales, a key region in the "world's first industrial nation". Both these areas comprise a number of less significant industrial monuments - the small cogs in [...] industrial centres of Europe. The leading economic sectors were ... more Euregio Meuse-Rhine The three-nation region around Liège, Maastricht and Aachen, known as the Euregio Maas-Rhine, has often been described
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF DENMARK Listen Not many nations have succeeded in managing the transition from an agrarian to an industrialised society. Most of the European countries, such as Hungary, Spain [...] established, slipped into poverty. By contrast, Denmark developed into a prosperous agricultural nation – and what is most surprising: in terms of per-capita income, the Danes were just as prosperous before [...] important grain exporter. As these revenues did not accrue to the large landowners, as in many agrarian nations, but to a large class of independent farmers, they stimulated domestic demand and promoted trade
state has been able to maintain its independence throughout. Even after the founding of the Italian nation state in 1861, its status was reaffirmed and the Republic of San Marino is now the last of the once
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF SPAIN Listen Spain could have become one of the earliest major European industrial nations, given that its mountains are enormously rich in natural resources. However, political circumstances [...] estates of disinterested aristocrats; the population sank into poverty; and the monarchs led their nation from one bankruptcy to the next. Still, the crown subsidised operations such as the arms manufactories [...] adapted to the global economy, Spain had, by the early 1970s, developed into a leading industrial nation. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Revolución industrial en España WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Spain
nickel-infused iron ore from the Pogradec region went mostly to the iron and steel plant at Elbasan, the nation’s largest. In 1970, the government proudly declared that it had connected the entire country to the [...] viable without subsidies. When the Chinese government cut off its aid in 1978, Hoxha declared that the nation would refuse all foreign aid and proclaimed his vision of a self-sufficient Albania. Soon after,
NORTH MACEDONIA Listen North Macedonia attained independence very late compared to other European nations – and thus industrialisation was late and slow in coming as well. The natural prerequisites were [...] prevented any substantial development of industry. Finally recognised as an autonomous Macedonian nation, the country became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF LITHUANIA Listen All three Baltic nations lack deposits of raw materials, but Lithuania remained an agricultural country the longest. Since 1795, when the Russian Czars annexed [...] in the port of Klaipėda. The systematic integration of the republics of the Union and the allied nations was a key element of the economic policy of the USSR. The countries were assigned specific production
Sliven in 1834, the first in the entire Balkans, the country remained a predominantly agricultural nation for over one hundred years. Additionally, farmers using outmoded methods produced for their own needs [...] By the 1960s, this costly feat of strength had pushed Bulgaria into the ranks of the industrial nations, but this growth required a constantly increasing demand for raw materials and labour. The Soviet
HISTORY OF SLOVAKIA Listen Though Slovakia has a long mining tradition, it remained an agricultural nation until well into the 20th century. The late Middle Ages was the golden age of Slovakian mining: gold [...] reconstituted in 1945. In the course of establishing powerful heavy industries in the new socialist nations, the leadership of the USSR assigned Slovakia the role of arms maker. The existing armaments factories
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF SWEDEN Listen Sweden’s long road to becoming an industrial nation followed a familiar path in that the process began with agricultural surpluses and a consequent population [...] Stockholm had the most telephones in the world. Sweden secured its status as a leading industrial nation in the first half of the 20th century. During the First World War, Sweden’s unhindered industries
the western edge of the continent and by a policy that sought little exchange with neighbouring nations and relied mainly on colonies: as early as the 15th century, the Portuguese built up a network of [...] of trading bases worldwide. In the 17th century, however, the pressure from competing nations became too great and Portugal concentrated on Brazil, which was rich in raw materials. The long-term consequences
transported more than 2.5 million people across the Atlantic to the plantations - more than any other nation. In addition to London, the port cities of Bristol and Liverpool now also became rich. For Liverpool [...] refineries and tobacco factories also profited from this. In 1807, Britiain was one of the first nations to ban the slave trade. The navy sought to enforce the ban worldwide to reduce disadvantages for [...] more products poured onto the market. Great Britain, the pioneer of industrialisation, was the first nation to be confronted with these new economic conditions, but the Empire, which expanded almost unchallenged
Germany's Ruhrgebiet, for example. Or South Wales, a key region in the "world's first industrial nation". Both these areas comprise a number of less significant industrial monuments - the small cogs in
businesses, from the electric tram network in Wizebsk to sawmills in Minsk, mostly came from western nations. World War I was followed by a first phase of independence, but already by 1920 the “Belarus Socialist
