dipped a screen the size of a sheet of paper into the vat and with it pulled out a portion of pulp. He handed the screen over to a colleague who in an elegant rolling motion dumped the dripping mat of fibres [...] in the 12th century. After the muslim emirates north of the Mediterranean Sea fell into christian hands again, european scholars, magistrates and merchants quickly discovered the advantages of the new writing [...] Nicolas Louis Robert in 1798. He constructed a long flexible screen of wire mesh which, powered by a hand crank, rotated continuously, not unlike a conveyor belt. While it rotated, pulp was shovelled onto

ON THE HISTORY OF PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING Listen Domestic handmade textile production was typical for the pre-industrial age. The father sat at the loom and the women of the family were responsible [...] keep to a strict discipline despite the fact that the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head was mechanisation. The factory [...] department. Division of labour raised productivity considerably. The actions of the workers, on the other hand, were increasingly reduced to a few, constantly repeated movements. As a result they gradually became

are unevenly distributed and because for centuries the territory of the modern country was in the hands of three different foreign powers. The fertile black-earth region to the west of the Dniepr was long [...] partitioned at the end of the 18th century, the western, “right-bank” Ukraine also fell into the hands of the czars. During this period, the land-owning Polish nobility erected the first grain mills and

play any significant role in economic development: although Finland’s farmers were never serfs, the handful of owners of large, profitable estates long dominated an overwhelming majority of day labourers and

still in the tradition of the guilds, but which also called for industrial action. In the 1810s, handloom weavers in Glasgow, spinners in Manchester and miners in Northumberland went on strike. In 1824

first time in history to establish secure food production independent of the weather. On the other hand, theorists had gained insights into the structure of chemical elements: The "structural formula" developed [...] that traditional bleaching powder came under massive price pressure. Electrothermics, on the other hand, used heat mainly to operate the new, extremely hot electric arc furnaces that produced steel alloys

chemical products such as seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, they also became more dependent on a handful of large international companies with strong research capabilities. The environmental and health

Imperialism (Deyna Parvanova) L'histoire de la traite négrière en France Den danske kolonisering og slavehandel (Fatalink. J. Jensen, M. Arrouas) Den økonomiske udvikling, kolonier og landboreformer (danmar [...] Remembrance - A Guide to Sites, Museums and Memory (Unesco) Mitteleuropa und der transatlantische Sklavenhandel: eine lange Geschichte (WerkstattGeschichte; Klaus Weber) Zucker - zentrales Leitprodukt der

This must change! The ERIH network reveals the European dimension of industrialisation and offers a hands-on experience of our shared European history. The aim is for every ERIH site to offer visitors a glimpse

century, and 1805 saw the commissioning of the first steam engine in St. Petersburg. On the other hand, the boom in iron production trailed off in the mid-19th century, and the government attempted to

professionals and volunteers - people who experienced life in these industrial communities at first hand. Effective methods are needed to transfer and share knowledge with new staff and volunteers entering

font size and contrast of the website can be easily changed using the accessibility icon on the right-hand side of the menu bar. Pages and content can also be zoomed in and out by using a combination of

Kapan and Alaverdi. Economic activities increased after the country passed from Persian to Russian hands in 1828. The processing of cotton and crops for export to the tsarist empire began, wine cultivation

immediately introduced agricultural reforms, farming remained unproductive. Apart from traditional handicrafts, trade was limited to small businesses that processed agricultural products, such as mills and [...] and oil presses. After the Second World War, the country once again passed into Russian hands and the government in Moscow launched a comprehensive industrialisation campaign. However, unlike in most Soviet [...] for textiles and electrical appliances were built in the larger cities. Heavy industry, on the other hand, was concentrated east of the Dniester: since 1954, a hydroelectric power plant has been generating

consisted mainly of sheep-rearing and forestry. Starting in the 17th century, this was augmented by a handful of forges that smelted the locally mined iron ore. The charcoal-fired Catalan forge was long considered [...] become the standard method of smelting in the neighbouring countries. The economy was dominated by a handful of aristocratic families, some of whom have preserved their influence down to the present day. As

carpets that were subsequently marketed, and even exhibited in museums, as “traditional Bosnian” handicrafts. Some historians characterise this type of economic and intellectual exploitation as the Habsburg

Ottoman rule in the 15th century. As in the other Balkan nations, the scarce arable land fell into the hands of Turkish landowners, who did not concern themselves with modernising agriculture. The successful

World War I, Italian companies began extracting petroleum; beyond that, industry consisted of a handful of factories for producing foods and processing cotton, tobacco and wood. The agricultural reform

This must change! The ERIH network reveals the European dimension of industrialisation and offers a hands-on experience of our shared European history. The aim is for every ERIH site to offer visitors a glimpse

other ‚old‘ industrial sector that combines industrial museums with highly advanced facilities and handicraft with state-of-the-art production methods. This European theme route was developed in cooperation