This must change! The ERIH network reveals the European dimension of industrialisation and offers a hands-on experience of our shared European history. The aim is for every ERIH site to offer visitors a glimpse

century, and 1805 saw the commissioning of the first steam engine in St. Petersburg. On the other hand, the boom in iron production trailed off in the mid-19th century, and the government attempted to

Kapan and Alaverdi. Economic activities increased after the country passed from Persian to Russian hands in 1828. The processing of cotton and crops for export to the tsarist empire began, wine cultivation

as mills and oil presses. After the Second World War, the country once again passed into Russian hands and the government in Moscow launched a comprehensive industrialisation campaign. However, unlike [...] for textiles and electrical appliances were built in the larger cities. Heavy industry, on the other hand, was concentrated east of the Dniester: since 1954, a hydroelectric power plant has been generating

consisted mainly of sheep-rearing and forestry. Starting in the 17th century, this was augmented by a handful of forges that smelted the locally mined iron ore. The charcoal-fired Catalan forge was long considered [...] become the standard method of smelting in the neighbouring countries. The economy was dominated by a handful of aristocratic families, some of whom have preserved their influence down to the present day. As

Ottoman rule in the 15th century. As in the other Balkan nations, the scarce arable land fell into the hands of Turkish landowners, who did not concern themselves with modernising agriculture. The successful

World War I, Italian companies began extracting petroleum; beyond that, industry consisted of a handful of factories for producing foods and processing cotton, tobacco and wood. The agricultural reform

keep to a strict discipline despite the fact that the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head was mechanisation. The factory [...] department. Division of labour raised productivity considerably. The actions of the workers, on the other hand, were increasingly reduced to a few, constantly repeated movements. As a result they gradually became [...] became alienated from the products they made. Formerly their products had been the pride of hand workers. Since expert knowledge was hardly necessary, employers now preferred to employ women and children

spindles were used to imitate the hands of the spinning women. Experienced workers were necessary to operate the machines, but nonetheless productivity was much higher than by hand spinning. Since the threads [...] the weavers no longer had to push the shuttles through the warp threads over the spinning frame by hand. Nevertheless Kay’s invention remained an isolated step forward on the long road to power looms. The [...] take a bundle of extremely thin short fibres, the so-called shear wool, and pull out the fibres by hand, before stretching and twisting them. In the 1730s two inventors by the name of Lewis Paul and John

guns and pistols which looked alike, but in the final assembly every single part had to be fitted by hand. Now gun makers from North America, like Samuel Colt, developed high-precision machine tools, which

process. Now the only hurdle left was the problem of setting the type, which was traditionally done by hand. This was solved in the USA in 1884 by a watchmaker named Ottmar Mergenthaler whose Lynotype machine

was introduced into Belgian coalmines and, after the First World War, into the pits along the Ruhr. Hand labour underground, which had continued almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, was gradually coming

unthinkable: In the south, it was dominated by arch-conservative landowners; in the north, it was in the hands of countless small farmers who farmed on the edge of subsistence, and so productivity remained low [...] electrical equipment manufacturers emerged. The economy remained dominated by a small elite of a handful of families intermarried with the large landowners, but finally the process of structural change

"Société Vielle Montagne" had begun producing zinc in 1837. In the coal mines, which were largely in the hands of French bankers, production rose steadily, but at the same time the area - especially the "Borinage"

few factories, which mostly produced agricultural products such as flour and sugar, were in foreign hands, as were the railways. And the agricultural sector was still using the inefficient methods of past

ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS Listen Industrialisation came late: on the one hand, because the Netherlands had only small deposits of the key raw materials coal and iron ore, and on the [...] sugar cane, coffee and indigo, which were easy to market. The indigenous population, on the other hand, suffered from hunger because this left less land for rice fields. Around the middle of the 19th century

"AEG". On the one hand, changes in commercial law contributed to this, which increasingly made it possible for banks and citizens to finance investments by buying shares. On the other hand, far-sighted reforms

professionals and volunteers - people who experienced life in these industrial communities at first hand. Effective methods are needed to transfer and share knowledge with new staff and volunteers entering

mass-produced, industry as a whole expanded only slowly. Many high-value goods were still made by hand, as there was no shortage of labour; entrepreneurs could pay low wages, particularly as many people

established. But the agricultural sector was underdeveloped and great tracts of land remained in the hands of large landowners even after the formal abolition of serfdom in 1861. The rural population suffered