ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF SAN MARINO Listen Since the 12th century, this small state has been able to maintain its independence throughout. Even after the founding of the Italian nation state in 18
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF SPAIN Listen Spain could have become one of the earliest major European industrial nations, given that its mountains are enormously rich in natural resources. However, pol
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF CYPRUS Listen Copper is Cyprus’s only major natural resource – but it was once so plentiful that it secured the island’s fame and wealth for millennia. Copper was the firs
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ICELAND Listen For a long time, this volcanic island was one of Europe’s poorest countries, as only a small portion of the land is suitable for agricultural use and Icelan
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF BELGIUM Listen The industrial age of the European continent began in Belgium, where conditions were similarly good to those in England: coal had been mined in the valleys
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF POLAND Listen Industrialisation within the territory of today’s Poland was extremely disparate as repeated partitioning of this nation occurred during the decisive 150 yea
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC Listen In many respects, the industrialisation of today’s Czech Republic, the historic Habsburg dominions of Bohemia and Moravia along with part of Sile
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS Listen Industrialisation came late: on the one hand, because the Netherlands had only small deposits of the key raw materials coal and iron ore, and on the
ON THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF FRANCE Listen The industrialisation of France began late and proceeded so hesitantly that one cannot speak of an "industrial revolution". The soils of the "Grande Nation"
