the area of brown coal mining, another industry requiring a huge amount of land. During the First World War, the AEG power company set up the Zschornewitz brown coal works in the east-German coalmining area [...] in Wörlitz combined the beautiful with the useful, for the Enlightenment Prince hoped to make the world a better place by means of reason. Prince Franz reformed agriculture according to the latest state

advantageous to use a mechanical pick. This was introduced into Belgian coalmines and, after the First World War, into the pits along the Ruhr. Hand labour underground, which had continued almost unchanged since

ly early, the Chinese empire started to build up a large bureaucracy. This was probably why in the 2nd century BC the process of papermaking was invented - a process which basically remained in use up [...] providing a basis for scholarship and the arts of poetry and calligraphy, which flourished in the muslim world. Since the Arabs manufactured paper in their european possessions, too, Europe learnt papermaking

the majority were still working individually by hand. The decisive element which turned the whole world of work on its head was mechanisation. The factory age began around the end of the 18th century in [...] leader. Milk conservation can also be traced back to military requirements. During the American Civil War in the 1860s Gail Borden developed condensed milk. A Swiss firm launched it onto the European market

result of pressure from the unions: this had sunk even further to around 50 hours by the First World War. Increasing leisure in the evenings, and soon on work-free Sundays, meant that a huge variety of [...] the largest and – after further extensions - allegedly the most impressive cinema palace in the world. Public film shows started in Paris in 1895 and quickly became the leading mass medium. The over-decorated [...] before it was equipped with bowling greens and roundabouts. The famous Big Wheel was built for the World Exhibition of 1897. By contrast the "Tivoli Gardens" in Copenhagen, based on London parks and built

attack anyone who tried to construct them; at times the social conflicts resembled a bloody civil war. The complete production process was now mechanised, from the original ball of fibres to the completed [...] expanding industrial city of Manchester made the county of Lancashire the leading textile region in the world. Hundreds of thousands of workers abandoned the countryside for the cities. The textile industry became

so successful, above all in the low-lying marshlands of East Anglia that, at the end of the Civil War in the 1640s, the country's new leader Oliver Cromwell engaged him once more. When the Dutch began [...] steam engines since their invention. He had three engines built, one of which was the largest in the world with a capacity of around 350 hp. The three steam-driven pumps ran round the clock for around three [...] time to ensure that the new polders remain dry. The largest of the three plants later became the world's first official industrial monument. At the time the overpopulated industrial towns had another

housed in the imposing building of a socially-owned enterprise built before the First World War. Victorinox, the world’s largest manufacturer of pocket knives, is based in Switzerland, while the Austrian [...] the foundation for grinding technologies that were to set worldwide standards after the Second World War. Today, the cutlery industry is characterized by a strongly bipolar structure. There are workshops [...] museums devoted to cutlery, whereas new players such as Portugal did not (yet) enter this level of awareness with history. Moreover, the global pattern of the cutlery trade has changed. Machines that Solingen

underdeveloped and had virtually no roads or railways. Education levels were extremely low. Following World War I, Italian companies began extracting petroleum; beyond that, industry consisted of a handful of [...] national collapse with looting, starvation and disorder. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Albania World Atlas: The biggest industries in Albania Tirana. 'Stalin' Textile Combine

intellectual exploitation as the Habsburg version of colonialism. Nevertheless, at the start of World War I, Bosnia was still a poor, predominantly agrarian country. There were no factory jobs to absorb [...] of Yugoslavian industry in the 1970s. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Bosnia and Herzegovina? Bosanski Brod. Railway Station Bosnia

and Slovenes”, becoming the poorest region of the first Yugoslavian state. In the period up to World War II, a few factories for processing foods, cotton and tobacco were established, mainly in Skopje [...] severely than the other constituent republics. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of North Macedonia World Atlas: What are the major natural resources of North Macedonia? Bitola. 'Dragor' Flour mill North

(today Gǝncǝ), where an aluminium smelter, chemical and textile plants were established before World War II, contributed to economic diversification. The construction of a large hydroelectric plant at [...] tanker to carry the black gold across the Caspian Sea to the Volga. Branobel soon became one of the world’s largest oil companies. But in 1883, Alfons Rothschild built a rival transport route, financing a [...] the Mediterranean. At that time, Russia and the USA together accounted for close to 100% of the world’s crude oil production. Baku grew to become a multi-ethnic metropolis with European flair, while the

played an important role in pre-revolutionary Russia. Georgia declared independence after the First World War, which left massive devastation in its wake, and the 1918 revolution;, but the Soviet Union annexed [...] Tkibuli. Then, Europe’s insatiable thirst for energy triggered a massive rush of development. The world’s most powerful banking and industrial dynasties descended on Georgia to secure the region’s petroleum [...] energy and raw materials since the collapse of the USSR. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Georgia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Georgia? Batumi. La petite ville de petrole Georgia was

class formed and the first signs of urbanisation appeared in the mining centres. During the First World War and the following turmoil, the still agrarian, backward country suffered severely from hunger and [...] catastrophic earthquake in 1988 and the wars with neighbouring Azerbaijan have further aggravated the dramatic economic crisis. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Armenia World Atlas: The biggest industries in [...] 1956 by the highly respected mathematician Sergei Mergelian. The innovative computer families "Rasdan-2" and "Nairi" were developed there in the 1960s. The Museum of Science and Technology in Yerevan documents

spirits today, opened in Tiraspol, but sustained growth failed to materialise. After the First World War, Moldova became part of Romania. Although the new government immediately introduced agricultural [...] businesses that processed agricultural products, such as mills and oil presses. After the Second World War, the country once again passed into Russian hands and the government in Moscow launched a comprehensive [...] has since been in a severe, ongoing economic crisis. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Moldova World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Moldova? Chișinău. Old Station (oldchisinau.com) Moldova

the country, and in 1915 the Altai Railway followed in the east. But then the First World War, the Russian Civil War and a famine led to a catastrophe from which the country only recovered very slowly [...] grew and new food processing and light industry enterprises were established. During the Second World War, industry grew because Moscow moved factories from contested western territories to Kazakhstan. [...] energy-rich Kazakhstan even has to import electric power. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Kazakhstan World Atlas: The Economy of Kazakhstan ХХ ғасырдағы Қазақстан экономикасының дамуы (Development of Kazakhstan's

automated farms, which began in the USA, had a massive impact on European agriculture after the Second World War. As farmers became more dependent on highly specialised chemical products such as seeds, fertilisers [...] the vast expanses of land and labour shortages, and where there was also a huge market. In the Old World, however, human labour continued to dominate agriculture for a long time. Although the first reaper [...] still the most important method of fertiliser production today and plays a vital role in feeding the world's rapidly growing population. Towards the end of the 19th century, the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's

which the German Empire would probably have been forced to surrender at the beginning of the First World War for lack of ammunition. Related Links History of Chemicals Industry Sites of the Theme Route [...] companies founded in the 1860s, along with Hoechst and Bayer, which overtook the English companies as the world's leading tar-dye-based corporations. When it became apparent that paints also contained therapeutic [...] toxic ammonia was largely reused. The company named after the inventor still produces much of the world's soda ash using the same principle. In the 1880s, rapid advances in electrical engineering made

connected the town to the Italian railway network via a winding and tunnelled route. As a result of war damage, however, operations were discontinued as early as 1944. Today, the manufacturing industry is [...] the economy is dominated by banking and tourism. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of San Marino World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in San Marino San Marino. Rimini-San Marino Railway

Revolution in England, concrete connections have now been proven: English traders trafficked some 2.5 million people from Africa to the plantations of the Caribbean and North America in the 18th century [...] slavery no longer fit the times economically either: capitalism demanded a different image of the world of work, based on the ideas of self-responsibility and the market economy. This meant the concept