advantageous to use a mechanical pick. This was introduced into Belgian coalmines and, after the First World War, into the pits along the Ruhr. Hand labour underground, which had continued almost unchanged since

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In the 18th century, the neutral Danes profited first from the war between the great powers England and France and then from the American War of Independence; their merchant fleet grew to become one of the [...] that time, England imported one third of its butter from Denmark! Before the outbreak of the First World War, agricultural products accounted for 60% of Danish exports, and industrial products only 10%. Processing [...] 1001 Stories of Denmark: Theme "Industry. From Mills to Computers" WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Denmark World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Denmark? Holbæk. Knabstrup Brickworks and Pottery

Yugoslavia, remained a crisis-plagued agrarian country. Sweeping change occurred following the Second World War. As in the Eastern European “brother states”, socialist Yugoslavia’s government commenced an all-out [...] foreign debt. Related Links Industrial and technical heritage on Kvarner WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Croatia World Atlas: The biggest industries in Croatia Rijeka.Tvornica (Hartera) Paper Factory Croatia was part

and paper industries. The number of factories had almost doubled by the beginning of the Second World War, although most of these operations were small and the rural population continued to suffer high [...] from Idrija. By the 18th century, the mines and smelters, in operation since 1509, had become the world’s largest quicksilver producer. At about the same time, Hrastnik on the Sava witnessed the emergence [...] educational level and a great proportion of services. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Slovenia World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Slovenia Domžale. J. Oberwalder & Co. Straw Hat Factory

a common heritage" . The objectives of this campaign were, among other things, to raise public awareness of the values of the man-made environment (cultural landscape and architectural heritage), to highlight [...] heritage to the public. Links to tourist websites and other organisations will help to raise public awareness, attract more visitors and ensure ERIH’s cross-sector integration. The website will also act as [...] ERIH intends that the network will become a pan-European one, integrating partners from across the world. To this end, it will organise seminars and workshops to inform the wider public about the network’s

in Angola. Since Britain formally banned the slave trade in 1807, Portugal still shipped more than 2 million Africans to South America: more than any other country. It was not until 1869 that the government [...] long-overdue end to the era of isolation. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Portugal World Atlas: The biggest industries in Portugal Lisboa. Xabregas Tobacco Factory (Museo de Lisboa; J. Pedrozo)

became dependent on immigration. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Switzerland World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Switzerland? St. Gallen. Bodensee Toggenburg Railway | Kubel

up with western Europe. But the radical reordering of south eastern Europe following the First World War brought progress to a standstill: Hungary was partitioned from Austria and its sovereign territory [...] severe dependence on foreign capital and continuing rural unemployment. By the start of the Second World War, industry had still not recovered to its previous level, the economic crisis triggered in 1929 added [...] plants in the area of Veszprém, financed by German capital. This trend continued through the Second World War: Hungary’s economy boomed, particularly in the arms, chemicals and electrical equipment industries

link in this geographically arduous country. The expansion of food and textile manufacturing after World War I was again financed by foreign investors. German influence steadily increased from 1934 on, with [...] over 20 % of Bulgarians live below the poverty line. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Bulgaria World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Bulgaria? Burgas. Harbour

small operations, and technical innovation played only a minor role. After the Second World War and the subsequent civil war, recovery was slow. The transportation infrastructure was improved further using [...] became a part of the Greek state in 1913. The Greek campaign in Asia Minor following the First World War ended in disaster in 1922, but triggered an economic boom. Forced to accommodate over half a million [...] of desperately struggling to catch up. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Greece World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Greece? Piraeus. Basileiades Shipyard

casualty of the destruction of the First World War and the subsequent breakup of the Habsburg Empire. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Austria World Atlas: What are the biggest industries [...] technical progress. However, industrialisation there brought with it a heightened Czech nationalist awareness and sharpened the conflicts within this heterogeneous country. In the territory of today’s Austria

in Russia, after Saint Petersburg. Prior to the First World War, it was expanded with shipyards, in particular for the Czarist navy. During the war, mining of oil shale began in Kohtla-Järve, which ultimately [...] 1939 with the stationing of Soviet troops and the subsequent annexation by the USSR. In the Second World War, Estonia successively fell under both Soviet and German occupation and suffered extensive destruction [...] full-fledged industrial settlement, and was for a time among the largest textile manufacturers in the world. As so often, railway construction provided the impetus for further foundings. A link from Paldiski

the rural regions only factories for foodstuffs and farming equipment thrived. After the First World War, the diverse economic structure of the various regions weighed heavily on the reconstituted Polish [...] Prussian King Friedrich II, who won this territory rich in natural resources from Austria in the Silesian Wars, appointed experts who brought in state-of-the-art British technology. Coal mining in Silesia commenced [...] Black Friday 1929 triggered a new crisis. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Poland World Atlas: The biggest industries in Poland? Chorzow. Königshütte Ironworks

initial factory in Kayseri However, it was the more liberal economic policies following the Second World War which truly established industrialisation. Initially, the government subsidised food processing [...] farmers, the country is now independent of food imports. Related Links WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Turkey World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Turkey History of Istanbul: Economy Istanbul. Bomonti Brewery

Stockholm had the most telephones in the world. Sweden secured its status as a leading industrial nation in the first half of the 20th century. During the First World War, Sweden’s unhindered industries supplied [...] industry now emerged with the companies Scania, Vabis and Volvo, followed by Saab after the Second World War. In the economic boom after 1945, the Swedish Model, in which the state directs the labour and capital [...] capital, to get its debt under control. When Europe’s markets were plunged into crisis at the end of the war, the newly available investment capital stabilised the Swedish economy by supporting domestic demand

First World War. Toward the end of the century, industrialisation finally reached the rural parts of Bohemia as well. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the Czech Republic World Atlas:

no more than half of Italy was industrialized by the start of World War One. Related Links ERIH Link List WIKIPEDIA: Economy of Italy World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in Italy? Milan. Fratelli

18th century, the trade in slaves from West Africa grew rapidly: British ships transported more than 2.5 million people across the Atlantic to the plantations - more than any other nation. In addition to [...] trade Historic UK: Timeline of the Industrial Revolution WIKIPEDIA: Economy of the United Kingdom World Atlas: What are the biggest industries in the United Kingdom? Telford. Coalbrookdale Ironworks